The Harry Potter logo used in first the American and other non-English editions of the novel series, and then in film series The series of fantasy novels by have become some of the most widely read works of in history, with readers of all ages and in many countries. In April 2011 worldwide sales of Harry Potter books were estimated to be about 450 million copies, [1] and the books have been translated from the original English into at least 68 other languages. However, there are two separate Portuguese translations (one into and one into ) as well as two separate Chinese translations (one using and the other ). Therefore, editions of the books have been published in at least 70 distinct language versions. (This does not include the separate edition, nor the adaptation of the Catalan edition, nor the separate Serbian edition published in the.) [2] [3]. Contents • Translation process 1 • List of translations by language 2 • Unauthorised translations 3 • Fake translations 4 • Americanisation as translation 5 • Issues in translation 6 • Translation strategies 6.1 • Culture and language 6.2 • Rhymes, anagrams, and acronyms 6.3 • Invented words, proper nouns, and names 6.4 • Plot points 6.5 • Character gender 6.6 • Notes 7 • References 8 • External links 9 Translation process For an authorised translation, the publisher must first negotiate and sign a contract with the author's agents, The Blair Partnership. [4] A list of authorised publishers can be read on J. Rowling’s website. The publishers select translators locally. Translators were not granted access to the books before their official release date in English; hence, translation could start only after the English editions had been published, creating a lag of several months before the translations were made available. This necessary delay has boosted the sales of English language editions of the books to impatient fans, in countries where English is not the first language. Such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English edition became the first English-language book ever to top the bookseller list in France. [5] In Italy, impatient Potter fans organised 'Operation Feather', deluging the publisher Salani with feathers (reminiscent of Hogwarts' messenger owls) to demand expedited publication for the Italian translation of the seventh and final book in the series. [6] This has also caused unauthorised translations and fake versions of the books to appear in many countries. The high profile and demand for a high-quality local translation means that a great deal of care is often taken in the task. In some countries, such as Italy, the first book was revised by the publishers and issued in an updated edition in response to readers who complained about the quality of the first translation. The book harijs poters un azkabanas gusteknis can be a choice because it is so proper to your necessity now. To get the book on-line is very easy by only downloading them. In countries such as China and Portugal, the translation is conducted by a group of translators working together to save time. Some of the translators hired to work on the books were quite well known before their work on Harry Potter, such as. This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov,.mil,.edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002. Full Text Search Details.rge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U.ntained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. Scenes and Characters Or, Eighteen Months at Beechcroft by Char.ngoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. C.race,” the tale was actually printed for private sale, as a link be- tween translations of short stories. This process only stifled the family in my i.lfil her daily duties. Years passed on, and still she felt the blank which Harry had left, almost as much as the first day that she heard of his death.re. Well, it is curious that you should know him; and did you ever hear of Harry, the brother that we lost?’ ‘I remember Captain Mohun’s being called.came to tell us that all was over.’ ‘Without any preparation?’ ‘With none. Harry had left home about ten days before, quite well, and looking so hands.nes and Characters the rest of the holidays between the Cathedral and Paul Potter’s bull. No, I shall have nothing to say to you at that rate,’ said C. Full Text Search Details.rge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U.ntained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. Five Books of the Lives, Heroic Deeds and Sayings of Gargantua.ngoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. C.of Rabelais has been reprinted from the first edition (1653) of Urquhart’s translation. Foot- notes initialled ‘M.’ are drawn from the Maitland Club e.form and for such end as is most agreeable with his divine will, even as a potter fashioneth his vessels. Because, said Ponocrates, he came with the f.ing and delving into their own proper ground shall have hit upon a kind of potter’s earth, which is called ceramite, and there had found no source or.u. Let us know how many fathom water we are in. Sound, friend, in the Lord Harry’s name. Let us know whether a man might here drink easily without sto.rs that came in her, who were most of ‘em of good families; among the rest Harry Cotiral, an old toast, who had got a swinging ass’s touch-tripe (peni.ers and cables, and get us off. I was just coming to set you afloat, quoth Harry Cotiral; by Trismegistus, I’ll clear you in a trice. With this he cau. Full Text Search Details.rge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U.ntained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. Modern Broods, or Developments Unlooked For by Charlotte M. Yon.ngoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. C.hen you met her at Castle T owers, she asked you whether you had a brother Harry.” “Yes, she did. I only said yes, but he was going to be a clergyman. Is a painful matter to mention to Bessie or any of the Stokesley cousins. Harry was never like the rest, I believe, but I had never seen him since he. Never would work, and was not fit for any examination.” 29 Yo n g e “Our Harry used to say that Bessie and David had carried off all the brains of t.l governess to herself, Valetta, and Mysie, and she always looked at their translations and heard their reading if Gillian was not at home. “And they.n out to take a certain public part; Aunt Jane, who only wished to live to potter about among neighbours, poor and rich, must needs come out of her tr. Full Text Search Details. SHELLEY VOLUME 1 OXFORD EDITION. INCLUDING MATERIALS NEVER BEFORE PRINTED IN ANY EDITION OF THE POEMS. EDITED WITH TEXTUAL NOTES BY THOMAS HUTCHINSON.rge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State U.ntained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Volume One.ch have accrued to the lovers of Shelley from the strenuous labours of Mr. Harry Buxton Forman, C.B. He too has enlarged the body of Shelley’s poetry.Cotter, _35 And a polygamic Potter. And the last is Peter Bell, Damned since our first parents fell, Da. _40 Line 36 The oldest scholiasts read— A dodecagamic Potter. This is at once more descriptive and more megalophonous,— but the a. For language was in Peter’s hand Like clay while he was yet a potter; And he made songs for all the land. 567 Shelley Cromwell. Cromwell’s daughter. Sir Harry Vane the Younger. Gentlemen of the Inns o.rchy.] L L L L LA A A A AUD: UD: UD: UD: UD: Hazlerig, Hampden, Pym, young Harry Vane, Cromwell, and other rebels of less note. Full Text Search Details.Moby Dick or The Whale HERMAN MELVILLE 1851 IN TOKEN OF MY ADMIRATION FOR HIS GENIUS, This book is Inscribed TO NATHANI. 259 57 Of Whales in Paint; in Teeth; in Wood; in Sheet Iron; in Stone; in Mountains; in Star.rk Massacre........................ 294 67 Cutting In............................. 296 68 The Bla.k, he’s robbed a widow;’ or, ‘Joe, do you mark him; he’s a bigamist;’ or, ‘ Harry lad, I guess he’s the adulterer that broke jail in old Gomorrah, or b.the ship. Meantime, Ahab holding the letter, muttered, “Mr. Har — yes, Mr. Harry — (a woman’s pinny hand, — the man’s wife, I’ll wager) — Aye — Mr. Struck against the gaunt ribs, it was like turning up old Roman tiles and pottery buried in fat English loam. His boat’s crew were all in high excite.n the college of Santa Claus and St. Pott’s, to whom I handed the work for translation, giving him a box of sperm candles for his trouble — this same.eet it is, that over these sea pastures, wide rolling watery prairies and Potters’ Fields of all four continents, the waves should rise and fall, and. • (1997) • (1998) • (1999) • (2000) • (2003) • (2005) • (2007) Author Country United Kingdom Language English Genre,,,,, Publisher (UK) (US) Published 26 June 1997 – 21 July 2007 (initial publication) Media type Print (hardback & paperback) (as of March 2012 ) No. Of books 7 Website Harry Potter is a series of written by British author. The novels chronicle the life of a young,, and his friends and, all of whom are students. The main concerns Harry's struggle against, a dark wizard who intends to become immortal, overthrow the wizard governing body known as the, and subjugate all wizards and, a reference term that means non-magical people. Since the release of the first novel,, on 26 June 1997, the books have found immense popularity, critical acclaim, and commercial success worldwide. They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers, and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature. The series has also had its share of criticism, including concern about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed, as well as the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts. As of May 2013, the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the, and have been. The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history, with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours of its release. The series was originally published in English by two major publishers, in the United Kingdom and in the United States. A play,, based on a story co-written by Rowling, premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the, and its script was published. The original seven books were adapted into an eight-part by, which has become the second of all time as of August 2015. In 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion, making Harry Potter. A series of many, including,,, and the British (which includes elements of,,,, and ), the world of Harry Potter explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references. According to Rowling, the main is death. Other major themes in the series include prejudice, corruption, and madness. The success of the books and films has allowed the Harry Potter franchise to expand, with numerous derivative works, a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009, a studio tour in London that opened in 2012, on which J.K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight, and a pentalogy of spin-off films premiering in November 2016 with, among many other developments. Most recently, themed attractions, collectively known as, have been built at several amusement parks around the world. Further information: The central character in the series is, an English boy who lives with his aunt, uncle, and cousin - the - who discovers, at the age of eleven, that he is a, though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as. The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world, albeit hidden and in secrecy. His magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the. Harry becomes a student at School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a wizarding academy in Scotland and it is here where most of the events in the series take place. As Harry develops through his adolescence, he learns to overcome the problems that face him: magical, social and emotional, including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships, infatuation, romantic relationships, schoolwork and exams, anxiety, depression, stress, and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation that lies ahead in wizarding Britain's increasingly-violent second wizarding war. Each novel chronicles one year in Harry's life during the period from 1991 to 1998. The books also contain many, which are frequently experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a. The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality. The British magical community of the Harry Potter books is inspired by 1990s British culture, European folklore, classical mythology and, incorporating objects and wildlife such as, magic plants, potions, spells, flying,, and other magical creatures, the, and the, beside others invented by Rowling. While the of is an and the ' a mythic past, the wizarding world of Harry Potter exists in parallel within the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements of everyday life, with the action mostly set in Scotland (Hogwarts), the West Country, Devon, London and Surrey in southeast England. The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets, ancient pubs, lonely country manors and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle population. Early years When the first novel of the series, (published in America and other countries as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone) opens, it is apparent that some significant event has taken place in the Wizarding World – an event so very remarkable, even Muggles (non-magical people) notice signs of it. The full background to this event and Harry Potter's past is revealed gradually through the series. After the introductory chapter, the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potter's eleventh birthday, and it is at this point that his magical background begins to be revealed. Despite Harry's aunt and uncle's desperate prevention of Harry gleaning about his powers, their efforts are in vain. Harry meets a half-giant,, who is also his first contact with the Wizarding World. Hagrid reveals himself to be the Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts as well as some of Harry's history. Harry learns that, as a baby, he witnessed his parents' murder by the power-obsessed dark wizard, who subsequently attempted to kill him as well. Instead, the unexpected happened: Harry survived with only a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead as a memento of the attack and Voldemort disappeared soon afterwards, gravely weakened by his own rebounding curse. As its inadvertent saviour from Voldemort's reign of terror, Harry has become a living legend in the Wizarding World. However, at the orders of the venerable and well-known wizard, the orphaned Harry had been placed in the home of his unpleasant relatives, the Dursleys, who have kept him safe but treated him poorly, including confining him to a cupboard without meals and torturing him like he is their servant. Hagrid then officially invites Harry to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a famous magic school in Scotland that educates young teenagers on their magical development for seven years, from age eleven to seventeen. With Hagrid's help, Harry prepares for and undertakes his first year of study at Hogwarts. As Harry begins to explore the magical world, the reader is introduced to many of the primary locations used throughout the series. Harry meets most of the main characters and gains his two closest friends:, a fun-loving member of an ancient, large, happy, but poor wizarding family, and, a gifted, bright, and hardworking witch of non-magical parentage. Harry also encounters the school's potions master,, who displays a conspicuously deep and abiding dislike for him, the rich brat whom he quickly makes enemies with, and the teacher,, who later turns out to be allied with Lord Voldemort. He also discovers a talent of flying on broomsticks and is recruited for his house's Quidditch team, a sport in the wizarding world where players fly on broomsticks. The first book concludes with Harry's second confrontation with Lord Voldemort, who, in his quest to regain a body, yearns to gain the power of the, a substance that bestows everlasting life and turns any metal into pure gold. The series continues with, describing Harry's second year at Hogwarts. He and his friends investigate a 50-year-old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school. Ron's younger sister,, enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts, and finds an old notebook in her belongings which turns out to be an alumnus's diary, Tom Marvolo Riddle, later revealed to be Voldemort's younger self, who is bent on ridding the school of 'mudbloods', a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage. The memory of Tom Riddle resides inside of the diary and when Ginny begins to confide in the diary, Voldemort is able to possess her. Through the diary, Ginny acts on Voldemort's orders and unconsciously opens the 'Chamber of Secrets', unleashing an ancient monster, later revealed to be a, which begins attacking students at Hogwarts. It kills those who make direct eye contact with it and petrifies those who look at it indirectly. The book also introduces a new teacher,, a highly cheerful, self-conceited wizard with a pretentious facade, later turning out to be a fraud. Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding World through delving into the school's history, and learns that Voldemort's reign of terror was often directed at wizards and witches who were descended from Muggles. Harry also learns about the innate ability of his to speak the snake language is rare and often associated with the. When Hermione is attacked and petrified, Harry and Ron finally piece together the puzzles and unlock the Chamber of Secrets, with Harry destroying the diary for good and saving Ginny, and also destroying a part of Voldemort's soul. The end of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy, Draco's father and rival of Ron and Ginny's father, to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny's belongings and introduced the diary into Hogwarts. The third novel,, follows Harry in his third year of magical education. It is the only book in the series which does not feature Lord Voldemort in any form. Instead, Harry must deal with the knowledge that he has been targeted by, his father's best friend, and, according to the Wizarding World, an escaped mass murderer who assisted in the murder of Harry's parents. As Harry struggles with his reaction to the – dark creatures with the power to devour a human soul and feed on despair – which are ostensibly protecting the school, he reaches out to, a teacher who is eventually revealed to be a. Lupin teaches Harry defensive measures which are well above the level of magic generally executed by people his age. Harry comes to know that both Lupin and Black were best friends of his father and that Black was framed by their fourth friend,, who had been hiding as Ron's pet rat, Scabbers. In this book, a recurring theme throughout the series is emphasised – in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, none of whom lasts more than one school year. Voldemort returns. Main article: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two-part stage. It was written by and based on a story by author, Thorne and director. The play opened on 30 July 2016 at the,,. The script was released on 31 July 2016. The story is set nineteen years after the ending of and follows, now a employee, and his youngest son. The play's official synopsis was released on 23 October 2015: It was always difficult being Harry Potter and it isn’t much easier now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic, a husband, and father of three school-age children. While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs, his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted. As past and present fuse ominously, both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth: sometimes, darkness comes from unexpected places. In-universe books. See also: Rowling has expanded the with several short books produced for various charities. In 2001, she released (a purported Hogwarts textbook) and (a book Harry reads for fun). Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity. In 2007, Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of, a collection of fairy tales that is featured in the final novel, one of which was auctioned to raise money for the Children's High Level Group, a fund for mentally disabled children in poor countries. The book was published internationally on 4 December 2008. Rowling also wrote an 800-word in 2008 as part of a fundraiser organised by the bookseller. All three of these books contain extra information about the wizarding world not included in the original novels. In 2016, she released three new e-books:, and. Pottermore website In 2011, Rowling launched a new website announcing an upcoming project called. Pottermore opened to the general public on 14 April 2012. Pottermore allows users to be sorted, be chosen by their wand and play various minigames. The main purpose of the website was to allow the user to journey though the story with access to content not revealed by JK Rowling previously, with over 18,000 words of additional content. In September 2015, the website was completely overhauled and most of the features were removed. The site has been redesigned and it mainly focuses on the information already available, rather than exploration. Structure and genre The Harry Potter novels are mainly directed at a young adult audience as opposed to an audience of middle grade readers, children, or adults. The novels fall within the genre of, and qualify as a type of fantasy called ', 'contemporary fantasy', or 'low fantasy'. They are mainly dramas, and maintain a fairly serious and dark tone throughout, though they do contain some notable instances of and black humour. In many respects, they are also examples of the, or novel, and contain elements of, adventure,,, and. The books are also, in the words of, 'shrewd mystery tales', and each book is constructed in the manner of a -style adventure. The stories are told from a point of view with very few exceptions (such as the opening chapters of, and and the first two chapters of ). The series can be considered part of the British children's, which includes 's, 's, and the series, and novels: the Harry Potter books are predominantly set in, a fictional British boarding school for wizards, where the curriculum includes the use of. In this sense they are 'in a direct line of descent from 's and other Victorian and Edwardian novels of life', though they are, as many note, more contemporary, grittier, darker, and more mature than the typical boarding school novel, addressing serious themes of death, love, loss, prejudice, coming-of-age, and the loss of innocence in a 1990s British setting. Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year. Harry struggles with the problems he encounters, and dealing with them often involves the need to violate some school rules. If students are caught breaking rules, they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors. The stories reach their climax in the, near or just after, when events escalate far beyond in-school squabbles and struggles, and Harry must confront either or one of his followers, the, with the stakes a matter of life and death – a point underlined, as the series progresses, by characters being killed in each of the final four books. In the aftermath, he learns important lessons through exposition and discussions with head teacher and. The only exception to this school-centred setting is the final novel,, in which Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts, and only return there to face Voldemort at the. Themes According to Rowling, a major theme in the series is death: 'My books are largely about death. They open with the death of Harry's parents. There is Voldemort's obsession with conquering death and his quest for at any price, the goal of anyone with magic. I so understand why Voldemort wants to conquer death. We're all frightened of it.' Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books, some more complex than others, and some including. Themes such as, oppression, survival, and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series. Similarly, the theme of making one's way through adolescence and 'going over one's most harrowing ordeals – and thus coming to terms with them' has also been considered. Rowling has stated that the books comprise 'a prolonged argument for tolerance, a prolonged plea for an end to ' and that they also pass on a message to 'question authority and. Not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth'. While the books could be said to comprise many other themes, such as power/abuse of power, violence and hatred, love, loss, prejudice, and free choice, they are, as Rowling states, 'deeply entrenched in the whole plot'; the writer prefers to let themes 'grow organically', rather than sitting down and consciously attempting to impart such ideas to her readers. Along the same lines is the ever-present theme of adolescence, in whose depiction Rowling has been purposeful in acknowledging her characters' sexualities and not leaving Harry, as she put it, 'stuck in a state of permanent pre-pubescence'. Rowling has also been praised for her nuanced depiction of the ways in which death and violence affects youth, and humanity as a whole. Rowling said that, to her, the moral significance of the tales seems 'blindingly obvious'. The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy, 'because that is how tyranny is started, with people being and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble.' Main article: In 1990, Rowling was on a crowded train from to London when the idea for Harry suddenly 'fell into her head'. Rowling gives an account of the experience on her website saying: 'I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had never been so excited about an idea before. I simply sat and thought, for four (delayed train) hours, and all the details bubbled up in my brain, and this scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy who did not know he was a wizard became more and more real to me.' Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 1995 and the was sent off to several prospective. The second agent she tried, Christopher Little, offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury. Publishing history. The logo used in British, Australian, and Canadian editions before 2010, which uses the typeface. After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher's Stone, Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £2,500 advance for its publication. Despite Rowling's statement that she did not have any particular in mind when beginning to write the Harry Potter books, the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven. On the eve of publishing, Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group, fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman. She elected to use J. Rowling (Joanne Kathleen Rowling), using her grandmother's name as her second name because she has no. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published by, the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom, on 26 June 1997. It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by – the American publisher of the books – as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights – a record amount for a children's book by an unknown author. Fearing that American readers would not associate the word 'philosopher' with magic (although the is alchemy-related), Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone for the American market. The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by and. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version. It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005, and it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release. The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on 21 July 2007. The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release, breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US. The Russian translation of The Deathly Hallows goes on sale in, 2007 The series has been translated into 67 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history. The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as,,,,,,,,,,, and. The first volume has been translated into and even, making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of in the 3rd century AD. The second volume has also been translated into Latin. Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well-known authors before their work on Harry Potter, such as, who oversaw the Russian translation of the series' fifth book. The translation of books two to seven was undertaken by, a popular literary critic and cultural commentator. For reasons of secrecy, translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English, leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available. This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries; for example, such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English-language book ever to top the best-seller list in France. The United States editions were adapted into to make them more understandable to a young American audience. Completion of the series In December 2005, Rowling stated on her web site, '2006 will be the year when I write the final book in the Harry Potter series.' Updates then followed in her chronicling the progress of, with the release date of 21 July 2007. The book itself was finished on 11 January 2007 in the, Edinburgh, where she scrawled a message on the back of a bust of. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room (552) on 11 January 2007.' Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book (in fact, the epilogue) was completed 'in something like 1990'. In June 2006, Rowling, on an appearance on the British talk show, announced that the chapter had been modified as one character 'got a reprieve' and two others who previously survived the story had in fact been killed. On 28 March 2007, the cover art for the Bloomsbury Adult and Child versions and the Scholastic version were released. In September 2012, Rowling mentioned in an interview that she might go back to make a ' of two of the existing Harry Potter books. Cover art For cover art, Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of design, with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by illustrator showing Harry boarding the Hogwarts Express, and a title in the font. The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic, illustrating scenes from the books. These covers were created by first and then Jason Cockroft. Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience, Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an 'adult' style. These initially used black-and-white photographic art for the covers showing objects from the books (including a very American Hogwarts Express) without depicting people, but later shifted to partial colourisation with a picture of Slytherin's locket on the cover of the final book. International and later editions have been created by a range of designers, including for U.S. Audiences and in Finland. For a later American release, created covers in a somewhat anime-influenced style. For more details on this topic, see. Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the midnight release of the books, beginning with the 2000 publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The events, commonly featuring mock sorting, games, face painting, and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince sold in the first 24 hours. The final book in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history, moving 11 million units in the first twenty-four hours of release. The series has also gathered adult fans, leading to the release of two editions of each Harry Potter book, identical in text but with one edition's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults. Besides meeting online through blogs,, and fansites, Harry Potter super-fans can also meet at Harry Potter. The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins, becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the. The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular, often weekly, insight to the latest discussion in the fandom. Both and have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favourite podcasts. Some lessons identified in the series include diversity, acceptance, political tolerance, and equality. Surveys of over 1,000 college students in the United States show that those who read the books were significantly different than those who had not. Readers of the series were found to be more tolerant, more opposed to violence and torture, less authoritarian, and less cynical. Although it is not known if this is a cause-and-effect relationship, there is a clear correlation, and it seems that Harry Potter's cultural impact may be stronger than just a fandom bond. At the in 2009, performed an original musical parodying the Harry Potter series called. The musical was awarded 's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009. Characters and elements from the series have inspired of several organisms, including the dinosaur, the spider, the wasp, and the crab. Commercial success. Main articles:,,, and The books have been the subject of a number of, stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringements. The popularity and high of the series has led Rowling, her publishers, and film distributor to take legal measures to protect their copyright, which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations, targeting the owners of websites over the 'Harry Potter', and suing author to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work. Various religious conservatives have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as and are therefore unsuitable for children, while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas. The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds. From 1997 to 1998, won almost all the UK awards judged by children, but none of the children's book awards judged by adults, and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was towards books that were popular among children. In 1999, the winner of the children's division was entered for the first time on the shortlist for the main award, and one judge threatened to resign if was declared the overall winner; it finished second, very close behind the winner of the poetry prize, 's translation of the. In 2000, shortly before the publication of, the previous three Harry Potter books topped the New York Times fiction best-seller list and a third of the entries were children's books. The newspaper created a new children's section covering children's books, including both fiction and non-fiction, and initially counting only hardback sales. The move was supported by publishers and booksellers. In 2004, The New York Times further split the children's list, which was still dominated by Harry Potter books into sections for series and individual books, and removed the Harry Potter books from the section for individual books. The split in 2000 attracted condemnation, praise and some comments that presented both benefits and disadvantages of the move. Time suggested that, on the same principle, Billboard should have created a separate ' list in 1964 when the held the top five places in its list, and should have created a separate game-show list when dominated the. Adaptations Films. The locomotive that features as the 'Hogwarts Express' in the film series. In 1998, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to for a reported £1 million ($1,982,900). Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British, nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late as Dumbledore, and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in where characters from the book are specified as such. After many directors including,,, and were considered, was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for (titled ' Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone' in the United States), with Warner Bros. Citing his work on other family films such as and and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision. After, filming began in October 2000 at and in London itself, with production ending in July 2001. Philosopher's Stone was released on 14 November 2001. Just three days after the film's release, production for, also directed by Columbus, began. Filming was completed in summer 2002, with the film being released on 15 November 2002. Portrayed, doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise. Columbus declined to direct, only acting as producer. Mexican director took over the job, and after shooting in 2003, the film was released on 4 June 2004. Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the third's release, was chosen as the director for, released on 18 November 2005. Newell became the first British director of the series, with television director following suit after he was chosen to helm. Production began in January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July 2007. After executives were 'really delighted' with his work on the film, Yates was selected to direct, which was released on 15 July 2009. Main article: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child: Parts I and II is a play which serves as a sequel to the books, beginning nineteen years after the events of. It was written by based on an original new story by Thorne, Rowling and. It has run at the in London's since previews began on 7 June 2016 with an official premiere on 30 June 2016. The first four months of tickets for the June–September performances were sold out within several hours upon release. Forthcoming productions are planned for Broadway and Melborne. The script was released as a book at the time of the premiere, with a revised version following the next year. Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter. Hogwarts Castle as depicted in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter, located in Universal Orlando Resort's Island of Adventure After the success of the films and books, Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, a new Harry Potter-themed expansion to the theme park at in Florida. The land officially opened to the public on 18 June 2010. It includes a re-creation of and several rides. The flagship attraction is, which exists within a re-creation of School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Other rides include, a pair of, and, a. Four years later, on 8 July 2014, Universal opened a Harry Potter-themed area at the theme park. It includes a re-creation of and connecting alleys and a small section of. The flagship attraction is roller coaster ride. Universal also added a completely functioning recreation of the connecting Kings Cross Station at Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure. Both Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series, including Weasley's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron. On 15 July 2014, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the theme park in, Japan. It includes the village of Hogsmeade, Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride, and Flight of the Hippogriff roller coaster. On 7 April 2016, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the theme park near,. United Kingdom In March 2011, Warner Bros. Announced plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the Harry Potter film series. Studio Tour London is a behind-the-scenes walking tour featuring authentic sets, costumes and props from the film series. The attraction,, is located at, where all eight of the Harry Potter films were made. Constructed two new sound stages to house and showcase the famous sets from each of the British-made productions, following a £100 million investment. It opened to the public in March 2012.
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Guidelines & tips for preparing your Word doc for eBook. We will be able to incorporate some style. EBookPartnership.com is a trading name of Mint. How to Read EPUB on Kindle Paperwhite? As an eBook lover, I guess you may have got a Kindle Paperwhite at hand, as KPW is one of the most popular e-Ink readers on the. Fair warning, you are about to get advice on creating your cover from a man with all the artistic talent of a slug. Indeed, so small are my gifts in this area that several slugs have written in to complain that my statement is demeaning to their creative abilities. It also has to be said you’re going to be taking PowerPoint advice from a man who is not particularly adept with PowerPoint, especially its Windows variant. Get started making an ebook with Blurb's ebook creator. Easily design and share an ebook for Amazon Kindle Fire ®, Apple iPad®, Android, and Mac or PC computers. What's the difference between a fixed-layout and reflowable ebook? A fixed-layout ebook usually contains many images exactly positioned. So why am I doing this exactly? Because I can, of course, and because I want to make a point; that even a man with my stunning lack of skill can create an acceptable ebook cover in a few minutes with a minimum of fuss. And if I can, then you can too. I am going to use the cover I create here for the ebook version of my sword and sorcery short story Henchmen so I’ll be putting my money where my mouth is too. Why PowerPoint — why not Photoshop or the GIMP or any one of a dozen much more powerful programs designed to manipulate images? Because the last time I seriously used Photoshop was over 15 years ago and I can’t be bothered learning how to use it again. Also it costs hundreds of quid. At some point I do intend to learn to use the GIMP but I have not done so yet. So the chances of me being able to write a sensible post showing you how to use such an image editor are precisely nil. On the other hand, I do know how to make PowerPoint do this thing and PowerPoint is something that most of us are able to get our hands on relatively cheaply. It is a basic part of Microsoft’s Office Suite. That being the case, much more powerful programs are overkill. If you already know how to use an image editor, go do so with my blessing. If you know how to use Photoshop or The Gimp you probably don’t need me to tell you how to create your own cover. This post is for the benefit of those who have absolutely no familiarity with the process. Before we proceed, we’ll need to talk about the image you are going to use. Obviously, this should be relevant to your book, and hopefully striking and attractive to the reader’s eye. The rights to images are a bit of a legal minefield. If you use your own images and people appear in them, you are supposed to have the permission of those people to use the image. The same is true of certain buildings and works of art. There are images out there in the public domain and there are also image libraries where you can search through and buy pictures which all the legal paperwork has already been done for. Or if it hasn’t the problem is the library’s and not yours! (Again, full disclosure; one of the many talents and skills I lack is being a lawyer. This is one man’s understanding of a complex subject in which he is not in the slightest an expert.) The image libraries I use are and. A quick Google search will reveal more. You can find acceptable cover images in the paid libraries for only a few dollars. You may even recognise them from some of the books you own from big publishing houses. I certainly did, which rather surprised me. The image I use here was 13 credits on Dreamstime. (Most libraries use a system where you purchase credits in much the same way as systems like Xbox Live do. The credit is a sort of borderless currency usable within the Image Library.) 13 credits costs about $17/£10.50. In any case, go get an image that reflects your book and we’ll be ready to make a start. I will be using the OSX version of PowerPoint because that’s what I have screen capture utilities for. There are differences in the Windows version of PowerPoint. I will mention these in the text and hopefully add some more pictures when I get screen capture software for Windows. I use PowerPoint 2010 for Windows, the only version I have any (very limited) experience of. I don’t claim that any of the techniques I use here are optimal and I would be only too happy to hear of a better method of doing things. I will be following standard menu conventions shamelessly lifted from most of the technical books I have read. I will place the names of the main menu first and separate them with a greater than sign that tells you to go to a sub-menu and all of this will be in italics. So Insert > Photo > Picture From File means click on the insert menu, go down to Photo and click on the Picture from File sub-menu. Anyway, without further ado, let’s get started. Open PowerPoint. Pick a theme that suits what you want to do. In this case I am going to pick a doomy white on black theme that will go with my sword and sorcery story. Now you need to change Page Setup. You can use any unit of measurement you like and, within the restrictions I am about to mention, any size. The main thing is that your proportions should be 6 to 8 (or 3 to 4 if you like). By this I mean your page should be 6 units wide by 8 units high. You will eventually be exporting a 600 by 800 pixel cover and this will save you having to clip it to shape in an image manipulation program. Let’s make this slide 6 inches by 8 inches to give ourselves some room to work with. (Windows version: the controls for this are on the Design Tab of the Ribbon. There is a page setup button there.) Now insert your cover image using Insert> Photo> Picture From File. (Windows version: the controls for this are on the Insert Tab of the Ribbon. There is a Picture button.) As I said, I am going to use a stock fantasy image I downloaded from Dreamstime. I ran it through a couple of filters in FX Photo Studio to make it different from anybody else’s use of the image. One of the problems with using stock images is that anyone can use them and unless you make some changes your cover may end up looking exactly like somebody else’s. Since the story is a dark comedy about a pair of adventurers who are the henchmen of an evil wizard and in it they encounters some orcish creatures, this image does well enough. It immediately tells the viewer something about genre and content. I have made the image bleed over the side of the slide a little which is OK. This leaves a black bar at the top and bottom of the slide which is fine for my purposes. You might want to make the image fit the whole slide. You can alter the size of the picture with the little handles on the side. Now it’s time to add my name. Let’s insert a text box using (you guessed it!) Insert >Text Box. It is a good idea to stick with the same font for all your covers in order to create a consistent image with readers. In my case, all of my previous e-books have used Caslon Antique so that’s what we will be using here. (Windows version: the controls for this are on the Insert Tab of the Ribbon. There is a Text Box button.) Move the text box around and experiment with the font size until you get something you like. Make it as big as you can. Remember you need it to be legible as a small thumbnail. The little thumbnails on the left side of the screen will give you a good idea of how successful you are being. It’s a good idea to centre the text unless you are going for a special effect of some sort. I mostly just stretch the text box right across the screen and then use the biggest font size that will fit onto one line. Or if you prefer to have your name on two lines let it bleed over or use two or more separate text boxes for each word in your name. The white text in the hook of the g looks a bit washed out against the pallid background of the image so let’s surround it with a black glow. Select all the text in the text box and then hit the glow button. (Windows version: You need to select the text box you are working. Click on the Drawing Tools Tab when it appears then click on the Text Effects dropdown when it appears. Choose Glow then go to glow options. Click on the color dropdown. Select Black. There is also a Shadow button just beneath the Fonts dropdown which simplifies things a lot at the cost of a loss of fine control.) A sub-menu will come up. Go to Glow and select Glow Options. When you first see this there will be a bar that says No Glow. Click on this and you will see a selection of colours under a heading Theme Colours. Choose black. You will then see something like this. Hit OK to apply this to the text. This gives a nice semi-3D effect that makes it seem to float above the image. If you need to use this effect, you can play with the settings until you get something you like. OK– let’s add the title of the book. Add another text box. Play with the font size until you are happy and then give it a bit of a glow if needed. It’s basically just a repeat of the last step. It looks a little bare so I am going to add a quote at the top and a tag-line at the bottom that tells the reader that this is a story of Goran and Malik. They will be able to see that this is one of a putative series of stories. OK– that’s all the elements in place. All that’s needed now is to play around with the basic sizes and proportions and positions until you get something you are happy with. Anyway, that’s us done. It’s time to export the cover. Go to File>Save As Pictures and click on Options. Set width to 600 and height to 800. (Windows Version: Go to the File Tab and choose Save and Send. Select Change File Type. Choose JPEG File Interchange Format. Choose Save Current Slide. As far as I can tell Powerpoint 2010 does not give you a choice of sizes when you export so you will need to open the JPG in an image editor and adjust the file size. You can do this very easily in Paint, the free image editing and drawing program that comes with Windows 7. ) Give your cover a title for when it’s saved. We’re done here. And there you have it; a colour e-book cover for under $20 and a small investment in time. Once you’ve had a bit of practise the whole process should not take more than 10 minutes. I don’t recommend you copy my layout here. (For one thing, I am sure you can do much better!) Instead take a glance at books in your own genre and see what they look like. Note how they use font sizes and various layouts. Find one that you like and try and duplicate the effects. (I am not saying copy the cover, just the style in which it is done!) Play around with things until you are happy. For example, with The Inquiry Agent (see picture on the right sidebar) we used two text boxes for the title with the words The Inquiry in a smaller font than the word Agent. As a last word, one of the great advantages of this system is that you now have a template you can use for any future releases in this series. For example, when I release future Goran and Malik stories all I need do is load a new cover image, change the text in the title textbox and I am done. This may seem like my usual laziness to some but I like to think of it as efficiency. By the way, Henchmen is available for the Kindle right now at, and if you should feel the urge to buy it. If you’re interested in finding out when my next book will be released as well as in getting discounts and free short stories, please sign up for my. Awesome stuff here! This is very timely for me as I muddle through the cover design process myself. I am curious about your placement of text. Many of the book covers I’ve studied (okay, glanced at) flip flop back and forth between big title and small author name, (even those with big name authors). I see that in your cover art (which I really enjoyed BTW) your name is at the top and in most of them it is in a bigger font than your book title. Was this a conscious decision and if so, why? Thanks much for the great info! I read somewhere else about using Powerpoint to create covers. I can’t afford Photoshop, won’t touch anything Microsoft with a ten foot pole, and GIMP is one of those major roadblocks that I persist in finding a way around. So I’ve been looking at the possibility of using Keynote, part of the iWork suite. I particularly like the idea of being able to save a template because I have a series of short ebooks in mind that I’d like to develop. I suspect your post can serve as a general guide when I try it. Re: DavidO, “can’t find the glow option.” As William said, select your text; on the top ribbon click on “Format;” then “Text Effects.” From the drop-down menu, then click on “Glow.” After selecting “glow,” you can then click on “Glow Options” at the bottom of the menu. On the following menu page, you then have complete control over the glow color, size, transparency, etc. Remember, too, that you can combine various text effects such as glow, shadow, etc. The shadow function is rather effective, allowing you to control the shadow direction, size, color, transparency, and blur. I use PPT2010 quite extensively to produce weekly announcements for my church, but admit that, although I frequently use these functions, I had not thought until now about using it to create an ebook cover. Don’t know if anyone still reads these “older” threads, but I hope this will help you a bit. Great post; I’ve used powerpoint myself for ebook covers and, while it has a bit of a learning curve and some peculiarities that I still don’t grasp (and I’m still clicking aimlessly through menus half the time), it is a simple and affordable way to get some covers done. By playing with transparency (ie. Selecting a color in an image to make transparent) you can actually build designs based on layers of different images — for example I took a parchment background, layered a blood spatter over it, and then layered a picture of a weapon over that. All were purchasable stock images. I found a good procedure if you are doing ‘layering’ like that is to build the image you want, save as a jpeg, crop the jpeg, then open that jpeg as a new powerpoint project and build your titles and things on top of that, otherwise it’s too fiddly. There are all sorts of other tricks you can do by changing the shading and saturation, using background images that are built into the program, and playing with fonts and wordart. I certainly have a ways to go in creating stuff I’m completely happy with, but it’s been fun! Updated June 2017. One of the most frequent questions we get asked here at BookBaby is “What’s the difference between a fixed layout eBook and a regular eBook?” What is a “standard” eBook? A standard eBook (generally in ePUB format) employs real-time flowable text so you can read it on any eReader and adjust the font size and style to fit your reading preferences. There is no set pagination with a because the number of words displayed per page can change based on user settings and the screen size of the particular device. Most eBooks are standard ePUB format. This format is ideal for text-based books and books with small images embedded amongst the text (which essentially creates paragraph breaks). What is a “fixed layout” eBook? When it comes to books that rely heavily on design elements or large illustrations/photos (,,, comics, etc.), may be the better solution if you want to preserve the qualities of the printed page. To put it plainly, the pages of a fixed layout eBook are fixed! Content (images, text, etc.) will not “flow” across the page if you change your settings, though most devices will allow the reader to zoom in and out. Is like the digital version of typesetting; you can embed fonts, choose the exact placement of visual elements, etc. The benefit of fixed layout is that you’re in complete control of the experience. The drawback is that readers are NOT! With fixed layout, readers lose the ability to resize text, change margins, change spacing, and change fonts. Keep in mind that a fixed layout eBook is different from a PDF file. While the content is not re-flowable, a fixed layout eBook can make use of enhanced interactive features. Apple, Kobo, Barnes & Noble, and Amazon all support derivations of fixed layout ePUB files (though currently only delivers fixed layout titles to iBookstore). Use the standard ePUB format if: • your book is mostly text (besides the cover art). • your book features small images that are embedded between paragraphs. • you want to ensure maximum usability for your book (since standard eBooks are readable on most eReaders, tablets, smart-phones, and computers). Consider fixed layout if: • you want to preserve text over images. • you would like to set a background color. • you want text to wrap around images. • you want your book to have horizontal orientation. • you want multi-column text pages. • your pages have aspect ratios that you don’t want to change. Since fixed layout eBooks require some extra attention during the conversion process, conversion often costs more than a basic ePUB conversion. BookBaby can handle fixed layout ePUB conversion (for iPad only – up to 50 pages) — plus the cost of either a Standard or Premium BookBaby publishing package. Additional pages will incur additional fees. Related Posts. About Chris Robley Chris Robley has written 570 posts in this blog. Is an award-winning poet, songwriter, performer, and music producer who now lives in Portland, Maine after more than a decade in Portland, Oregon. His music has been praised by NPR, the LA Times, the Boston Globe, and others. Skyscraper Magazine said he is “one of the best short-story musicians to come along in quite some time.” Robley’s poetry has been published or is forthcoming in POETRY, Prairie Schooner, Poetry Northwest, Beloit Poetry Journal, RHINO, Magma Poetry, and more. He is the 2013 winner of Boulevard’s Poetry Prize for Emerging Writers and the 2014 recipient of a Maine Literary Award in the category of “Short Works Poetry.” • • • • •. Unit 1: Science, Chemistry, and Cells 1. Scientific Study of Life 2. The Chemistry of Life 3. The Energy of Life 5. Photosynthesis 6. A list of books by author Hoefnagels and links to the best. Connect 1 Semester Access Card for Biology: The Essentials. Edition: 2nd. Title: Test Bank for Biology Concepts and Investigations 2nd Edition by Hoefnagels Edition: 2nd Edition ISBN-10: ISBN-13: 978. How Cells Release Energy Unit 2: Biotechnology, Genetics, and Inheritance 7. DNA Structure and Gene Function 8. DNA Replication and Cell Division 9. Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis 10. Patterns of Inheritance 11. DNA Technology Unit 3: Evolution and Diversity 12. Forces of Evolutionary Change 13. Evidence of Evolution 14. Speciation and Extinction 15. Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life 16. Evolution and Diversity of Plants 17. Evolution and Diversity of Animals Unit 4: Ecology 18. Populations 19. Communities and Ecosystems 20. Preserving Biodiversity Unit 5: Plant Physiology 21. Plant Form and Function 22. Prices for Biology The Essentials by Hoefnagels. 2nd Published: 1916 Format: Ebook. Connect 1 Semester Access Card for Biology: The Essentials. Ebook Pdf hoefnagels biology 2nd edition lab manual contains important information and a detailed explanation about Ebook Pdf hoefnagels biology 2nd edition lab. Biology: Concepts and Investigations / Edition 2 available in Hardcover. Concepts and Investigations / Edition 2. Applications, 2nd Edition, represents a. Reproduction and Development of Flowering Plants Unit 6: Animal Physiology 23. Animal Tissues and Organ Systems 24. The Nervous System and the Senses 25. The Endocrine System 26. The Skeletal and Muscular Systems 27. The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems 28. The Digestive and Urinary Systems 29. The Immune System 30. Animal Reproduction and Development. Unit 1: Science, Chemistry, and Cells 1. Scientific Study of Life 2. The Chemistry of Life 3. The Energy of Life 5. Photosynthesis 6. How Cells Release Energy Unit 2: Biotechnology, Genetics, and Inheritance 7. DNA Structure and Gene Function 8. DNA Replication and Cell Division 9. Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis 10. Patterns of Inheritance 11. DNA Technology Unit 3: Evolution and Diversity 12. Forces of Evolutionary Change 13. Evidence of Evolution 14. Speciation and Extinction 15. Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life 16. Evolution and Diversity of Plants 17. Evolution and Diversity of Animals Unit 4: Ecology 18. Populations 19. Communities and Ecosystems 20. Preserving Biodiversity Unit 5: Plant Physiology 21. Plant Form and Function 22. Reproduction and Development of Flowering Plants Unit 6: Animal Physiology 23. Animal Tissues and Organ Systems 24. The Nervous System and the Senses 25. The Endocrine System 26. The Skeletal and Muscular Systems 27. The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems 28. The Digestive and Urinary Systems 29. The Immune System 30. Animal Reproduction and Development. I don't want to be human! I want to see gamma rays, I want to hear x-rays, and I wanna, I wanna smell dark matter! Do you see the absurdity of what I am? I can't even express these things properly, because I have to, I have to conceptualize complex ideas in this stupid, limiting, spoken language. But I know I want to reach out with something other than these prehensile paws, and feel the solar wind of a supernova flowing over me! I'm a machine, and I could know much more, I could experience so much more, but I'm trapped in this absurd body! Because my.creators thought that 'God' wanted it that way. Then try replacing the AcroRd32.exe with another standalone pdf tool ( copy another pdf application like Foxit Reader.exe into the path where you have installed Acrobat Reader and rename the latter as AcroRd32.exe) @ Manish. He has tried to, I am certain but none of them can open the exe file directly I guess. The program loads each page one at a time in memory and runs it throgh Adobe reader. It probably gets the installed path of the reader through the registry, in which case, it may be possible to force it to use a less restrictive PDF reader. Amazon Kindle has been able to digitize the book world in a revolutionary way. Being an avid book lover and reader, i had tried to avoid, in fact hate the digitized book available in PDF and significantly, Kindle for long time. I loved that experience of turning those crispy pages and exploring a new world unfold on every page. Why self-extracting exe files should not be used if you are concerned about data security. How to convert EXE(ebook) to PDF. What type of exe, is it a executable compressed file with password, then just extract it using any extracting software. It all changed 2 months back, when i bought amazon kindle paperwhite. Although, the only pro which i had in mind at that time, was their amazing Vocabulary Builder app but over time, i started to appreciate other things also like ability to explore more books on digital bookshop, recommendations and good simulated book reading experience. Still, I think it will take me some time to move over the hard book copies. It is a classical Man vs Machine case. I am most skeptical about a machine controlling my mind and thoughts and what better than digitized books to do so. Coming back from digression and dreadful dreams, this blog is about how to extract chapter-wise text from kindle book formats. This is all in necessity to my personal project which i conceived in one of those dreadful dreams. The project is about doing text analysis on each chapter to find the influence of characters in book and on each other. Another part was to do sentiment analysis on characters to find their mood in different parts of book. I will explain it in next series of blogs. Problem Statement: Amazon Kindle Reader has its own digital format in which it encodes the books. It is mobi/epub format which we can see easily if we plug our kindle device to a computer and explore its filesystem. I wanted to read text from the kindle ebook chapter wise. For background information, in kindle ebook format, all components(html, css, xml, fonts, images) are represented as Resources and are in XHTML format. It has 3 indexes into these Resources, as per the epub specification. Spine these are the Resources to be shown when a user reads the book from start to finish. Table of Contents The table of contents. Table of Contents references may be in a different order and contain different Resources than the spine, and often do. Guide The Guide has references to a set of special Resources like the cover page, the Glossary, the copyright page, etc. The complication is that these 3 indexes may and usually do point to different pages. A chapter may be split up in 2 pieces to fit it in to memory. Then the spine will contain both pieces, but the Table of Contents only the first. The Content page may be in the Table of Contents, the Guide, but not in the Spine. Spine Table of Contents Guide Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Part 2 Chapter 2 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Cover Resources Preface Solution: Thus, I started the recce on internet and found two libraries fit for it 1) Apache Tika(It is an open-source library for detecting and extracting metadata and content from almost any file type. Just pass the file to its simple interface, it will automatically detect its type and call its corresponding driver to extract metadata and content. It is as simple as: Tika tika = new Tika(); tika.setMaxStringLength(10*1024*1024); //setting max string buffer length - 10MB InputStream input = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream('in/book1.epub')); Metadata metadata = new Metadata(); String content = tika.parseToString(input, metadata); As evident, it will extract the text of whole file at once. We can't extract it piecewise(here, chapterwise). We can't skip index, glossary, preface and other sections of book which aren't part of book story. 2) epublib(It is another open-source library for creating epub files from existing html files. It also has a basic api to read metadata and content from an epub file. Each Kindle ebook is represented as nl.siegmann.epublib.domain.Book object which have methods: • getMetadata to get metadata about book • getSpine to get spine reference • getTableOfContents to get reference to table of contents • getGuide to get reference to guide • getResources to get reference to all the images, chapters, sections, xhtml files, stylesheets, etc that make up the book. My friend likes to read Kindle books and I’d like to send him one as a gift. I know how to have Amazon ship a printed book to someone, but how do I have them send my friend a Kindle book? I sent a Kindle book as a gift for the first time a few days ago and, not surprisingly, Amazon makes it really easy for you to buy and send gifts. Once you’ve found the book you want to give, you’re just a few clicks away from (electronically) wrapping it up and sending it to your friend. Don’t know what email address your friend uses for their Amazon account? Not a problem. Want to buy it now but have it delivered on a future date (maybe so they get it right on their birthday)? Want to hand deliver it or email it yourself? Amazon has you covered there too. Let me show you how easy it is. Just as when buying a printed book, the first step is to find the book on Amazon’s website. Be sure you’re looking at the listing that says “[Kindle Edition]” after the title. The Kindle Fire you buy for a friend may end up giving her access to. So how do you keep the Kindle Fire your purchased for someone else from siphoning money out. How to Buy an eReader for Someone Else. Views Comments Comment. Like if this Guide is helpful. Your Guide to Buying a Cover for Your Kindle Touch Image. Over on the right in the green section you should see an orange “Give as a Gift” button. Clicking that button will take you to the “Complete your gift purchase” page, where Amazon gives you a few options to control and customize your gift. If you want to send the gift directly to your friend, choose the first option “Email the gift directly to my recipient” and enter their email address. It doesn’t matter if this is the address your friend uses for their Amazon account. Any email address they read will work fine. If you don’t change the “Delivery date”, Amazon will send the gift now. But let’s say you want your gift to appear in your friend’s email inbox on their birthday, while you’re on a weeklong scuba dive trip in Indonesia (hey, I can dream!). Just click in the “Delivery date” field and pick your friend’s birthday on the handy calendar that pops up. Then give yourself a pat on the back, knowing that your friend will get a pleasant birthday surprise while you’re taking underwater photos of elusive leaf scorpionfish. What if you want to be “old-fashioned” and print out a gift certificate to put inside a card? Just choose the “Email the gift to me” option and print out the gift certificate email Amazon will send you. This option is also handy if you want to email the gift certificate but like to add a longer message than the 300 characters that Amazon allows. Regardless of who you send the gift email to (your friend or yourself), the next (optional) step is to personalize your message with the names of you and your friend, and a short message. When you’re done writing a clever message, click on the “Preview Email” button and Amazon will show you exactly how the email the email will look. When everything is set to your liking, just click the orange “Place your order” button, Amazon will give you a reassuring confirmation message, and you’re done. Finally, don’t worry about your friend already having the book you’re sending. Amazon will let them exchange your gift for an equivalent value Amazon.com gift card. How can you go wrong? So stop spending money on shipping costs, and start buying all your friends Kindle books. Not true Dave. I am looking at the ‘Kindle edition’ and “Give as a gift” is not displayed in my purchase options. I have endlessly tried to do this to no avail. I wish I could attach the screenshot to show you exactly what I am seeing but it is something like this: Buy now with 1-Click Deliver to: Ricks Kindle for Mac How buying works Available on your Mac (No Give As A Gift Option Displayed) Then it says in a new box below the first one: Try it Free Sample the beginning, blah, blah, blah etc Still no (No Give As A Gift Option Displayed) Nowhere on this page is ‘Give As A Gift Option’ displayed Everything about how to do this says the ‘gift’ option is there and I’m not the only one who cannot se it displayed. Totally frustrated Dave. Go to the website of your local public library and search for Kindle books / eBooks. At checkout, sign in to your Amazon account, and select the Fire tablet, Kindle e-reader, or supported Kindle reading app to send the book to. Connect your device to Wi-Fi and download the title from the Archived Items or Cloud. Downloading eBooks to your Kindle • Register your Kindle device with. You must have an Amazon account in order to check out free, library books from KPL. Log into your Amazon account. • Go to: • Under the Popular links, click on • Click Search eBooks. You will be transferred to the Midwest Collaborative for Library Services web site. KPL is a member of this consortium • Click “Sign-In” and enter your home library (Kalamazoo Public Library) and library card number • Locate eBooks that are available in Kindle format. If the title is checked out, place a Hold on the book. • Once you’ve located a book of interest and made sure that it is available, click on the book cover. You will find important format information as well as the place Hold feature if the book is checked out • To checkout, click the Borrow button • Click the Go to bookshelf button • Click the Get for Kindle button • Make sure to select the correct format (Kindle) and click the “Confirm” button • You will be transferred to Amazon.com’s site where you are already signed in • Once signed in, use the dropdown menu to select where you want the book delivered to and then click Get Library Book • Click Download Now • You will be asked to either Open or Save the book file. Save the book to your computer’s desktop • Plug in your Kindle device. Open the folder on your Kindle called “ Documents” • Locate the book file on your desktop and copy and paste (or drag) the file into the Documents folder • Safely eject your Kindle device • The book should appear on your device’s Home page • To return your book early, go to your Manage Your Kindle page, locate the book and use the far right-hand dropdown menu ( Actions) and select Return Library Book. Tim Robberts via Getty Images Say hello to library borrowing in the 21st century. Although the old-school way of borrowing remains a useful and viable way to check out some titles, one of the more useful aspects in making the switch from dead-tree books to an e-reader should be the ability to easily borrow e-books from public libraries as well. When borrowing e-books you don’t have to leave your home, you don’t have to worry about late charges, there are no missing pages or tattered covers and there are never any worries about where that book might have been. It sounds perfect. Unfortunately, nothing is as simple as it should be. Format issues and Digital Rights Management or DRM schemes make borrowing an e-book much more complicated than it needs be, and most libraries are proceeding cautiously with the new technology so their e-book collections are a fraction of their physical book collections. It doesn't help that publishers are trying to add in restrictions that make e-books less attractive to libraries. There’s also a misconception that an e-book means unlimited borrowing (i.e., once the library buys a copy, it may be lent out to whomever wants it since it’s a file that can be repeatedly copied). The reality is that digital copies are treated exactly the same as physical copies, so once a copy is out on loan, no one else can borrow it until it is “returned.” Still, when the stars line up, it’s a nice option to be able to borrow a pristine copy of a bestseller to read on your own e-reader instead of having to pony up the ten bucks to buy it yourself. In this article, we’ll go over the basics of borrowing e-books from a library. For owners of Amazon e-readers, don’t forget to check out our feature on. • Are e-books available? Not all libraries offer digital borrowing yet. Your library’s website will have a link to e-books or digital books if the service is available. • Membership required. This is a minor issue, but you are required to have a membership at a library in order to borrow e-books. Many offer 30-day trial memberships online, so you can try it out without having to commit or trudge down to the branch. Some libraries may allow guest members to live outside of their local area, but publishers are working on tightening up this loophole. • Computer access is required. The typical e-book borrowing setup requires the library customer to have their own computer (and Internet access). Most libraries use technology supplied by a company called OverDrive to handle their e-book operations. According to OverDrive, over 9,000 libraries worldwide are currently using its system and we’re going to proceed assuming that your library is one of them. OverDrive uses Adobe DRM protection for e-books and that’s where things get really confusing. The file formats available are DRM-protected and PDF and while there’s solid support for reading these e-books on a Windows PC or Mac (as well as various devices via apps), file formats remain the bane of e-readers. As of this moment, all are supported, as are all models and e-readers. The list of devices that cannot borrow e-books due to file incompatibility includes the best-selling standalone e-reader: Amazon’s. A full list of what's compatible and what's not is available. Assuming you’ve passed all the restrictions listed above (you have a computer, Internet access, a library membership and a compatible e-reader), you’re off to the races. Well, almost. To access those DRM protected files, you have to download and install software on your computer. Your library will likely provide a link to the download site. Adobe gives you the option of activating Digital Editions anonymously, but that’s only useful if you’ll be reading borrowed e-books exclusively on that computer. You must create an Adobe ID in order to transfer borrowed e-books from the computer to another device, such as your e-reader. Once you’ve installed and activated Adobe Digital Editions on your computer, you then connect your e-reader to your computer with a USB cable and the software will give you the option of authorizing your e-book reader. When this step is completed, you are finally capable of borrowing the e-books and transferring them to your e-reader. After all the hoops you’ve had to jump through to this point, the process of borrowing an e-book might seem almost too easy. The OverDrive interface is obviously rooted in e-commerce (complete with shopping cart and checkout analogy), but it’s relatively straightforward. From your computer, navigate to your library’s e-book section and log in with your membership account. You’ll be presented with a list of its e-book collection broken into categories. Each e-book title will have a helpful descriptive box beneath that shows the format (in this case it’s EPUB), along with the option to “Add to Cart” or “Add to Wish List.” If the e-book has already been checked out by someone else, “Add to Cart” will be replaced by “Place Hold.” To save on frustration, modify your search results by clicking 'Only show titles with copies available.' This option will filter your results so you only see e-books that are currently available. If all available copies of the e-book you want to borrow have been checked out, you can place a hold on it. The next time someone returns a copy, you’ll be notified by e-mail that the title is now available and you’ll have a set time (typically three days, although this does vary) to check out the e-book before it’s released and available to anyone. The “Wish List” saves titles you might be interested in at a later date. To check out an e-book, click “Add to Cart” and proceed to checkout. You’ll be prompted for your Library membership, then the e-book will download to your computer and will appear on the Borrowed bookshelf in Adobe Digital Editions. Plug in your e-reader and you’ll be able to transfer the title from the Adobe Digital Editions library to your e-reader. The process of returning an e-book is simple and one of the great advantages of borrowing e-books from the library compared to the traditional way of doing it. Put simply, you don’t have to do a thing. When your borrowing period expires (anywhere from seven to 21 days), the book is deleted from your Adobe Digital Editions library. On your e-reader, the book is marked as “expired,” making it rather useless (you won't be able to read it), but you’ll have to manually delete that copy when you get tired of seeing it. There’s no lugging books back to the library, no risk of losing a borrowed book and never any late fees. Effective English Learning ELTC self-study materials Tony Lynch and Kenneth Anderson, English Language Teaching Centre. EFFECTIVE ENGLISH LEARNING Unit 7: Speaking. More How To Speak English Fluently Pdf Ebook videos. Speak english fluently Download speak english fluently or read online here in PDF or EPUB. Please click button to get speak english fluently book now. 100 MP3 lessons 128Kbps + 6 lesson DVD Video Sets + PDF for each lesson| 1.49GB Have you been wasting years of your life trying to speak English? Do you want to speak English fluently? 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These lessons are designed for you to remember because they build on each other, and we use old vocabulary and phrases again and again so you wont forget them. Show building blocks and graph of improvement and language retention. Maybe make a comparison graph of traditional methods and naturally fluent. We have also included some free cool bonus stuff. If you order now, you will get 10 FREE Business English MP3 lessons along with the PDF for each lesson. You will also get a FREE funny 6 lesson DVD video set. Try these lessons for 60 days. If you follow the program and your spoken English hasnt improved greatly, email us and we will give you 100% of your money back. So far, everyone has loved this program and were sure you will too. Speak english.pdf - greater heights of success after learning to speak fluently in English. We have not just enhanced skills, we have created achievers. 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Enjoy reading 64 pages by starting download or read online Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. By: BBC,British Broadcasting Corporation Staff Language: English Ratings: Very Good Category: Books Release Date: 2010-10-01 Group: English Books Publsh by: BBC Children 's Books Downloaders: 5994904 Viewers: 5994904. [PDF] Download Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Book 7) Ebook| READ ONLINE • 1. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Book 7) to download this book the link is on the last page • Description Readers beware. The brilliant, breathtaking conclusion to J.K. Rowling's spellbinding series is not for the faint of heart--such revelations, battles, and betrayals await in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows that no fan will make it to the end unscathed. Luckily, Rowling has prepped loyal readers for the end of her series by doling out increasingly dark and dangerous tales of magic and mystery, shot through with lessons about honor and contempt, love and loss, and right and wrong. Fear not, you will find no spoilers in our review--to tell the plot would ruin the journey, and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is an odyssey the likes of which Rowling's fans have not yet seen, and are not likely to forget. But we would be remiss if we did not offer one small suggestion before you embark on your final adventure with Harry--bring plenty of tissues. The heart of Book 7 is a hero's mission--not just in Harry's quest for the Horcruxes, but in his journey from boy to man--and Harry faces more danger than that found in all six books combined, from the direct threat of the Death Eaters and you-know-who, to the subtle perils of losing faith in himself. Attentive readers would do well to remember Dumbledore's warning about making the choice between 'what is right and what is easy,' and know that Rowling applies the same difficult principle to the conclusion of her series. While fans will find the answers to hotly speculated questions about Dumbledore, Snape, and you-know-who, it is a testament to Rowling's skill as a storyteller that even the most astute and careful reader will be taken by surprise. A spectacular finish to a phenomenal series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is a bittersweet read for fans. The journey is hard, filled with events both tragic and triumphant, the battlefield littered with the bodies of the dearest and despised, but the final chapter is as brilliant and blinding as a phoenix's flame, and fans and skeptics alike will emerge from the confines of the story with full but heavy hearts, giddy and grateful for the experience. --Daphne Durham • Book Details Author: J. Rowling Pages: 784 Binding: Paperback Brand: Arthur A. Levine Books ISBN: • Book Appearances • if you want to download or read Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Book 7), click button download in the last page • Download or read Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Book 7) by click link below Download or read Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Book 7) OR. To check out a public library book for Kindle: • Confirm whether your library branch is eligible and carries Kindle books by going to, or the website of your local library. • Get a library card and a PIN from your local library. • Go to the website of your local public library and search for Kindle books / eBooks. • At checkout, sign in to your Amazon account, and select the Fire tablet, Kindle e-reader, or supported Kindle reading app to send the book to. • Connect your device to Wi-Fi and download the title from the Archived Items or Cloud. Find out the best places to go to download free Kindle books for your eBook. 26 Places to Get Free Kindle Books. 15 Essential Free Kindle Fire Apps Everyone. This guide tells you how to transfer books to Kindle, Kindle Paperwhite, Kindle Fire, Kindle Fire HD and Kindle for Android / iPad app in details. An introductory guide to the mythology of Japan—one of the most pervasive yet least understood facets of Japanese culture. Handbook of Japanese Mythology makes it easy to travel this vast yet little-known mythological landscape. The book reveals the origins of Japan's myths in the very different realms of Buddhism, Shinto, and folklore, and explores related mythologies of the Ainu and Okinawan cultures and recent myths arising from Japan's encounters with modernization. It then offers vivid retellings of the central Shinto and Buddhist myths, plus descriptions of major historical figures, icons, rituals, and events. For students or long-time enthusiasts, it is the ideal guide for investigating Japanese reverence for the sun, the imperial family, and the virtues of purity and loyalty. Readers will also learn why sumo wrestlers stomp before each match, how a fussy baby creates thunder, why Japan has a god for soccer, and much more. Michael Ashkenazi is a professional writer and the author of numerous scholarly and encyclopedia articles on Japanese religion and culture. His published works include Matsuri: The Festivals of a Japanese Town and The Essence of Japanese Cuisine. Reviews '[E]ngaging and informative guidebook... Wonderfully vivid and compact introduction tells the core stories and provides key anthropological data explaining the role(s) of myths. The author's lucid, acessible, and even humorous style lightens the impressive scholarship... Japanese art enriches the cultural context.' —School Library Journal 'Highly recommended. All college and university collections.' Handbook of Japanese Mythology makes it easy to travel this vast yet little-known mythological landscape. The book reveals the origins of Japan's myths in the very different realms of Buddhism, Shinto, and folklore, and explores related mythologies of the Ainu and Okinawan cultures and recent myths arising from Japan's encounters with modernization. It then offers vivid retellings of the central Shinto and Buddhist myths, plus descriptions of major historical figures, icons, rituals, and events. For students or long-time enthusiasts, it is the ideal guide for investigating Japanese reverence for the sun, the imperial family, and the virtues of purity and loyalty. Readers will also learn why sumo wrestlers stomp before each match, how a fussy baby creates thunder, why Japan has a god for soccer, and much more. Handbook of Japanese Mythology makes it easy to travel this vast yet little-known mythological landscape. The book reveals the origins of Japan's myths in the very different realms of Buddhism, Shinto, and folklore, and explores related mythologies of the Ainu and Okinawan cultures and recent myths arising from Japan's encounters with modernization. It then offers vivid retellings of the central Shinto and Buddhist myths, plus descriptions of major historical figures, icons, rituals, and events. For students or long-time enthusiasts, it is the ideal guide for investigating Japanese reverence for the sun, the imperial family, and the virtues of purity and loyalty. Readers will also learn why sumo wrestlers stomp before each match, how a fussy baby creates thunder, why Japan has a god for soccer, and much more. Reviews - • April 1, 2004 Gr 10 Up-Ashkenazi's engaging and informative guidebook begins with 100 pages of context. He emphasizes the historical, religious, and social ground for, and provides an overview of, both Shinto and Buddhist myths. This wonderfully vivid and compact introduction tells the core stories and provides key anthropological data explaining the role(s) of myths. The author's lucid, accessible, and even humorous style lightens the impressive scholarship. Download Ebook: handbook of japanese mythology in PDF Format. Also available for mobile reader. His account ranges widely over history and culture, without losing its coherence or relevance to mythology. Shinto stories are linked in a comprehensive narrative; Ashkenazi also includes Ryukyu and Ainu myths. The final two-thirds of the volume is comprised of detailed alphabetical entries for major figures and concepts (with some overlap), annotated print and nonprint sources, a glossary, and an extensive bibliography of primary sources. Individual entries are much more detailed than those in Jeremy Roberts's Japanese Mythology A to Z (Facts On File, 2003) or David Leeming's A Dictionary of Asian Mythology (Oxford, 2001). Japanese art enriches the cultural context. Williams's volume follows the same format, and includes the same scholarly helps (e.g., major entries have references, further readings, and cross-references). There is no primary-sources list, but the annotated print and nonprint section is larger. The introductory essays are half the length of Ashkenazi's and avoid contested issues. Williams is not a graceful stylist. Unclear antecedents, misused words, nonparallel or awkward constructions, and other writing lapses are off-putting and sometimes obscure meaning. Despite the writer's obvious erudition, this presentation of Hindu mythology is unlikely to draw students to the field.-Patricia D. George's School, Newport, RI Copyright 2004 School Library Journal, LLC Used with permission. • CHOICE, Highly recommended. All college and university collections. • s '.engaging and informative guidebook.wonderfully vivid and compact introduction tells the core stories and provides key anthropological data explaining the role • School Library Journal, of myths. The author's lucid, acessible, and even humorous style lightens the impressive scholarship.Japanese art enriches the cultural context.' | Sign In You will be prompted to sign into your library account on the next page. If this is your first time selecting “Send to NOOK,” you will then be taken to a Barnes & Noble page to sign into (or create) your NOOK account. You should only have to sign into your NOOK account once to link it to your library account. After this one-time step, periodicals will be automatically sent to your NOOK account when you select 'Send to NOOK.' The first time you select “Send to NOOK,” you will be taken to a Barnes & Noble page to sign into (or create) your NOOK account. You should only have to sign into your NOOK account once to link it to your library account. After this one-time step, periodicals will be automatically sent to your NOOK account when you select 'Send to NOOK.' You can read periodicals on any NOOK tablet or in the free NOOK reading app for,. |
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